Transition from Wigner crystal to Wigner molecule


Picture shows snapshots of the arrangement of N=19 electrons at low temperature when the density (confinement strength) is increased, giving rise to increasing overlap of the neighboring electron clouds.
Notice the regular symmetry of this cluster: with 1, 6 and 12 electrons on the three shells each electron is part of an almost perfect triangular lattice cell. This cluster is, therefore, called "magic", it has unusually high stability against inter-shell rotation, see the figure below.


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Electrons in a spherical trap
Popular explanation of Wigner crystallization| Idea of path integral Monte Carlo
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